Kayf al-aal? = How are you?
(or Kayf aalak? to a man, Kayf aalik? to a woman)

Anaa bi-khayr, al-amdu li-Llah. = I am fine, praise God.

Wa anta/anti? =  and you? (m/f)

Kayfa tash^cur al-yawm? = How do you (m.) feel today?

You can answer this question with the sentence, "I feel....."
Ash^cur bi.... = I feel...(with noun)

But just like in English, it's easier in Arabic to answer with something like "I am hungry" than it is to say "I feel hunger."   Many adjectives describing
a physical state of being end with -aan.  To make them feminine, as with other adjectives, you add -ah at the end.

Shu^cuur - feeling
Ta^cbaan - tired
Jaw^caan - hungry
^cAshaan - thirsty
Ghadbaan - angry
arraan - hot
Bardaan - cold

Sa^ciid - happy
aziin - sad
Mariid - sick
Aasif - sorry
Mashghuul - busy

Examples:

Hiya ta^cbaanah jiddan.
She is very tired.

Kuntu jaw^caan fa thahabtu ilaa ma^cam.
I was hungry so I went to a restaurant.

Huwa mashghuul al-yawm.
He is busy today.

Yaa ^cAa'ishah, limaathaa anti aziinah?
Aisha, why are you sad?

Kaanat mariidah ams.
She was sick yesterday.

Waalidatii ghadbaanah minnii.
My mother is angry at me.

Wa anaa aasif jiddan.
And I am very sorry.

Anaa arraan wa ^cashaan.
I am hot and thirsty.